Analysis of Indias Mutual Fund Industry

Analysis of Indias joint Fund IndustryExecutive SummaryThe report titled unc protrudeh Fund has been prep ard to give an in-depth analytic thinking of usual investment lines firm intentness in India and to a fault a brief study of coarse neckcloth structure outside India. The report starts with the introduction of Mutual Fund, giving details virtu exclusivelyy what Mutual Fund is entirely about. This has been done so to make notwithstanding a layman understand what a interchangeable stock list is. After the introduction part, t here is a mention of the parties involved in uncouth fund business, namely the AMC, Fund Managers, Dealers of Mutual Fund, Distributors, Investors of Mutual Fund, and the governors and so on. Later on, in the report, the inclusion of types of Mutual fund, gives a good knowledge of different categories of usual fund. The categorization has been do on different measures. Almost all the measures stimulate been included in this report. This part of report has great details of the types of vernacular finances.Later part of the report contains the Mutual Fund history in India. The developments that pee-pee taken tush since the start of Mutual Fund in India have been discussed in this part of the report. The history of Mutual Fund has been discussed in here under different phases. After the history part, the report discusses about the different fund public presentation.One of the important parts of the part is the NAV part. In this section of report, a detailed study has been done on Net addition Value (NAV) of Mutual Fund. How the NAV is calculated, its mis conceptionion in the minds of investors, how important it is for the parties of Mutual Fund has been explained in this section of the report. right after this section, there is a mention of Taxation in Mutual Fund. How Mutual Funds argon taxed and what atomic number 18 the tax-free Mutual Funds gettable in the market has been discussed. This part has been discussed with examples, so as to make the investors understand, how they put up buoy be utilityed with the procureing of Mutual Funds. The different terminologies in Mutual Fund namely, SIP, SWP, ARP, AWP, etc has been discussed in this report.The last section of the report discussed about the hazard of infections involved in the common fund. The different methods through which the risks involved in vulgar fund, has been discussed in this section. Also discussed ar the advantages and disadvantages of buying a mutual fund. There has also been a comparison made between the returns that can be earned from mutual fund as compared with stock-still deposit in banks, in post offices and investment in stock markets.MUTUAL FUNDSWhat is a Mutual Fund?A mutual fund is a vehicle to pool money from investors with a promise that the money would be invested in a particular manner, by professional contendrs who are expected to owner the promise. In India mutual pecuniary resource are governed by the regulations of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).The basic idea behind a mutual fund is that individual investors generally lack the beat, the inclination or the skills to manage their own investments. gum olibanum, mutual gold hire professional managers to manage the investment for the benefit of their investors in return for a management fee.Then Mutual Funds came as a solution to benefit investors who had little or no idea about the working of stock market but were eager to create some money out of it.It was created for the benefit of investors who were non able to understand the complicated public presentation of the stock market but had money to invest in it. The basic purpose of whatever mutual fund is to put the money of the investors into respective(a) scrip in the stock market by creating a portfolio (a collection of various shares) and making investors understand the benefits and drawbacks of individually and every scheme. The benefit to the cu stomers is that they can invest in various stocks, can get help from professional people and that their money is macrocosm managed by professional who have clear understanding of the market.The organization that manages the investment is the Asset Management Company (AMC). Employees of the AMC who perform this role of managing investments are the fund managers.Professional ManagementsMain idea behind mutual fund is that individual investors lack period and technical skills to research their choice of stock and invest in them so mutual fund hire skilled professional to manage investment of investors in return of management fee.The organization which mange this mutual coin are calledAsset Management Company(AMC)And employees who perform this task are calledFund MangersSCHEMESPortfolio Management escapesInvestors have their own preference on how they want to invest their money and how much risk they want to take.Personal treatment with which an individual investor manages their inv estment and how much risk they want to be decided is done by professional managers is referred as Portfolio Managements Schemes(PMS).This is normally done for investment under Rs 10 lakhs.Money in conceiveA mutual fund manages investment of the schemes for the benefits of the investors. Every schemes has an coronation Portfolio (portfolio statement)Account of income and exp abstractiture (revenue Account)Account of addition and liabilities (Balance Sheet)To insure fairness in investment, SEBI regulates the expenditure that can be charged to a scheme.Who are the Parties Involved?InvestorsEvery investor accord to their financial limit takes risk that is calledrisk profile or risk appetite.So hypothesis tells that by taking risk of loosing whole or partial money it is possible that investor would gain profit out of investment.TrusteesThese are the people inwardly the mutual fund organization who are responsible ensuring that investors interest in a scheme is taken care properly.A sset Management CompanyAMCs manages the investment portfolio of schemes. An AMCs income come from the management fee it charges for the schemes it manages.Every AMC asset under management because cost can not be reduced below some unyielding level after that it becomes viable.DistributorsDistributors bring investors in mutual fund and it earns commission on each investors.It is AMC decision whether to bear cost fully on distributors or partially.On financial and physical resources distributors could beTier 1 who have their own franchised network reaching out to the investors all across the country.Tier 2- who are generally sectional players with some reach within their parting.Tier3 who are small and marginal players with limited reach.RegistrarAn investors holding in mutual fund schemes is typically tracked by schemes Registrar and Transfer agent. Some manages it own house and some appoint it outside. Request to invest to a greater extent money or to salvage money against exi sting investment is done by RT.Custodian/DepositoryThe custodian maintain the securities in which the scheme invest this ensure an outgoing single-handed evidence of the investment of the schemesSchemes and building blocks-Investment in connection is normally represented by certain number of sharesPeople invest in a company by acquiring its share and disinvest by selling its shares.The number outstanding shares of a company multiplied by the face value of each share,Constitute the share roof of a company.Shares are represented in a company and units are represented in a mutual fund scheme.Types of schemesMutual fund schemes can be pleaded with any of a range of investment objectives each corresponding to a certain point in the risk return matrix. It can be categorized based on tenor, asset, class, position philosophy geography.Open End SchemesThese are the schemes which do not have the fixed maturity. The mutual fund ensures the liquidity by announcing sale and repurchases p rices for the units of an open end schemes on an ongoing basis.Investors who wish to exit from an open end scheme can offer their unit to the mutual for redemption, generally called repurchase. Similarly mutual fund can sell new units to investors who want to participate in schemes generally called sale. additionally a mutual fund can choose to provide liquidity by listing in stock exchange, in that case investor can every trade schemes or opt for above mentioned route.Closed End SchemesThese are schemes which have fixed maturityLiquidity in such case is in stock(predicate) through listing in stock market.Trade alters change in ownership but dont change in schemes unit capital.Occasionally closed end schemes provide a re purchase option to investors.Either by a specified plosive or after a specified period normally up to a total limit for all investors together, or limit per investors.Such repurchase would reduce the unit capital of the schemes.Asset gradeEquity schemes invest in shares. Depending upon the schemes objective investment could be,Growth stock where earning growth is expected to be attractiveMomentum stock that can go up and down with line marketValue stock where the fund manager is of the view that current valuation in the stock market does not reflect intrinsic value Income stock that can earn high returns through dividends.Debt or income schemesGILT schemesThese invest in government securities. Apart from being the most liquid schemes in the debt market, government securities are eligible for liquidity support.Bond SchemesThese schemes invest in bond securities issued by the government or any new(prenominal) issuer.BondSchemescan help people overcome some of the barriers to private renting posed by the requirement to pay abondto a landlord.Bondschemesare usually set up by the local authority, a voluntary organization or by the Probation Service. AllBondSchemeshave the alike(p) ending to help people who could not otherwise do so to access private rented accommodation. In achieving this goal a successful scheme pass on be contributing to the effrontery and efficiency of the private rented sector and helping to combat homelessness by assisting homeless and potentially homeless people.Features of the 8% Savings (Taxable) Bond Scheme 2003Junk Bond SchemesJunk bond schemes in securities that are below investment grade. High yield bonds are politically correct way of referring to fling bonds.Junk bonds can be identified through the lower grades assigned by rating services (e.g., BBB instead of AAA for the highest quality bonds). Because the possibility of thoughtlessness is great, junk bonds are usually considered too risky for investment by the large institutional investors (mutual silver) that provide U.S. corporations with much of their investment capital. Junk bonds are lots issued by smaller, newer companies.Money Market and Liquid SchemesThese schemes invest in short term debt instrument.Money Markets Instrume nts includeCommercial papersCommercial billsTreasury bills disposal securities having an unexpired maturity up to one yearCall or notice moneyCertificate of depositUsance billsPermitted securities under a repo / reverse repo agreementAny other like instruments as may be permitted by RBI / SEBI from time to time.Liquid/Money market schemesThese are designed for corporate and small businessmen to use for cash or treasury management. These schemes allow them to park short-term surplus capital in the money market, so that they earn some return before they find end uses. They invest in money market instruments like call money, inter-corporate deposits and commercial paper. Their returns range from 8 to 11 per cent, depending on money market conditions.Even salaried individuals can use them in the short term, since they offer better returns than savings accounts. Some currency even offer cheque-writing facilities.Risk comes from money market volatility which also creates the possibili ty of gain due to a sudden increase in rates. equilibrate SchemesBalanced schemes invest in both equity and debt. The debt investment ensures a basic interest income. Which fund managers hope to top up with capital gains on the investment portfolio. However loses can eat into the basic interest and the income.Big advantage of these schemes is that market risk is more palatableCapital Protected SchemesIt is a kind of balanced schemes, where a part of the initial issue proceeds is invested in gilts that would mature to a value equivalent to the unit capital of the schemes.Thus the investors capital is protected.Physical AssetTechnically said that mutual fund can invest in any asset whether it can be actually asset, precious metals, other metals (aluminium, steel) oil and commodities.In India regulatory framework does permit investment in real asset.Schemes by Position Philosophy.Sector FundsRegulator equity funds invest in a mix of equities that are spread across different sectors so they are called diversified equity funds.Sectors funds on other hands invest in a particular sector,Like energy funds.Index FundsThese funds create and replicate according to the specified index such as BSE, NSE, etc. and such position can be created by two methodsIt can be done by maintaining an investment portfolio that replicates the composition of a chosen index. Weight is same according to the index weight. This replicating style is called the passive investing. Investment fund are called passive funds. And funds that are not passive are called managed funds. Index schemes are also called as unmanaged schemes(since they are passive) or tracker schemes(since they track index)Another is by doing research and identifying a basket of securities and derivatives whose movement is similar to that of index. Schemes that invest in such basket are called as active index funds.Enhanced Index FundsThis is a managed index funds that can beat the performance of a bench mark index by at leas t 0.1 % but no more than the 2% if it crosses 2.5 it is called equity mutual fund.Exchange Traded Funds (ETF)These are open end funds that trade on the exchange.ETF different from index funds in following respectA single NAV in case of open end and in case of ETF is traded in the market place. so its price keeps ever-changing during dayThe AMC of an ETF does not offer sale and re purchase price of the units.Unique feature is that beside secondary market it also has primary market.Fixed maturity conflict PlansThis eliminates the risk of capital sack by investing in a pre specified debt securities.When a series of FMP are issued for different maturities they are called serial funds.These funds can chose exclusively to invest in government securities and called sequential gilts, alternatively they can invest in non government securities in which case they become Serial Bond Schemes.Non government securities have risk of default (credit risk) which does not exist in case government securities.Schemes by GeographyCountry or region fundsThese invest in securities from a specified country or region.This is based on the fact that a particular country or region depart show a higher growth or returns on the equity market.Offshore funds- these mobilize the money from investors for investment outside their country.The principle of time diversification has given rise to the concept of magisterial Investment Plan(SIP)Systematic Withdrawal Plan(SWP)Systematic Transfer Plan(STP)Systematic Investment Plan (SIP)It refers of investing constant fund regularly generally every month. When market goes up because the money invested in that period gets translated into fewer verse units for investors and vise versa.Thus it is clear that SIP tempers with the gain or loss from the investment SIP does not offer protection from losses. If the market turns adverse then you can lose money even in SIP.SIP ensures that your acquisition cost approximate the average NAV. Therefore this in vestment style is also called rupee cost averaging.Value averaging ensures that investors book profit in rising market and invest in loosing market.For e.g. for ICICI bank (Open ended equity fund), monthly Minimum Rs. universal gravitational constant + 5 post-dated cheques for a minimum of Rs. 1000 each.Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP)It is mirror image of SIP, under SWP investor would withdrawal constant amount periodically. The benefits are the same namely that through SWP the investor can temper gains though it does not prevent losses.For e.g. in case of ICICI bank (Open ended equity fund) SWP is a Minimum of Rs.500/- and Multiples thereof.Systematic Transfer Plan (STP)Investors exposure to different type of securities whether debt or equity should flow from their risk profile or appetite which the function of their financial position and personal disposition.It occurs in two situationsOn investment or disinvestment (here SIP and SWP is useful)On change in value of securities i n market.In case of mutual funds such rebalancing can be achieved by systematically moving money between schemes.Mid-Cap FundMid cap funds are those mutual funds, which invest in small / medium sized companies. As there is no standard definition classifying companies as small or medium, each mutual fund has its own classification for small and medium sized companies. Generally, companies with a market capitalization of up to Rs 500 crore are classified as small. Those companies that have a market capitalization between Rs 500 crore and Rs 1,000 crore are classified as medium sized.Big investors like mutual funds and Foreign institutional Investors are increasingly investing in mid caps now a day because the price of large caps has increased substantially. Small / mid sized companies slant to be under researched thus they present an opportunity to invest in a company that is yet to be identified by the market. Such companies offer higher growth potential going forward and therefore an opportunity to benefit from higher than average valuations.But mid cap funds are very volatile and tend to fall like a pack of cards in bad times. So, caution should be exercised while investing in mid cap mutual funds.Growth OptionThe Scheme result not declare any dividends under this option. The income earned by the scheme will remain invested in the scheme and will be reflected in the NAV. This option is suitable for investors who are not looking for current income (but who have invested with the intention of capital appreciation). Moreover, if units under this option are held as capital asset for a period of at least one year, from the date of acquisition, unit holders should get the benefit of long term capital gains tax.Dividend OptionThis option is suited for investors seeking income through dividend state by the scheme. Only unit holders opting for the dividend option will bring forth dividends. An investor on record for the purpose of dividend distributions is an inve stor who is an unit holder, as of the record date. In order to be a unit holder, an investor has to be allocated units representing receipt of clear funds by the scheme.The scheme may be at the circumspection of the trustee, declare annual dividends in its dividend plan subject to availability of distributable profits. Dividends will be declared on the last business day of March. If March 31st is a non business day, the previous business day will serve as the record date. Interim dividends may be declared at the discretion of the trustee. whole holders also have the option to reinvest their dividend at the ex-dividend NAV. The trustee, in its fillet of sole discretion, may also declare interim dividends. It should be noted that actual distribution of dividends and the frequency of distribution indicated above, are provisional and will be entirely at the discretion of the trustee and depend, inter alia on the availability of distributable surplus to the extent the entire net income and realized gains are not distributed, the same will remain invested in the scheme and be reflected in the NAV.Payout DividendAs per the regulations, the fund shall dispatch to the unit holders, the dividend proceeds within 30 days of declaration of the dividend. Dividends will be payable to those unit holders whose names appear in the register of the unit holders on the date (record date). Dividends will be paid by cheque net of taxes may be applicable. Unit holders will also have the option of direct payment of dividend to the bank account. The cheques will be drawn in the name of the sole/first holder and will be posted to the registered address of the sole/first holder as indicated in the original application form. The fund will endeavor to dispatch the dividend cheques within 30 days of the record date. To safeguard the interest of the unit holders from loss or theft of dividend cheques, investor should provide the name of their bank, stolon and account number in the applica tion form. Dividend cheques will be sent to the unit holder after incorporating such information.Reinvest DividendUnder this sub-option, unit holders may chose to reinvest all of their dividends by way of additional units of the scheme instead of receiving dividends in cash. Such additional units by way of reinvestment of dividends will be at the applicable NAV on the next day (excluding Saturday) after the record date. The dividend so reinvested shall be constructive payment of dividend to unit holders and constructive receipt of the same amount from each unit holder for reinvestment in units. Any such investment will be made by indicating in the investors original application or by providing the fund with written notice signed by all the registered holder(s) of the units and also sent to the registrar.Revocation of any such decision also must be made in writing and signed by all the registered holder(s) of the units and also sent to the registrar.The additional units issued under the sub-option Reinvest Dividend under option B and held as capital asset would get benefit of long-term capital gains tax if sold after being held for one year. For this purpose one year will be computed from the date when such additional units are issued.Effect of Dividend The NAV of the unit holders in dividend option will stand reduced by the amount of dividend declared. The NAV of the growth option will remain unaffected.Mutual fund industry in IndiaThe origin of mutual fund industry in India is with the introduction of the concept of mutual fund by UTI in the year 1963. Though the growth was slow, but it accelerated from the year 1987 when non-UTI players entered the industry.In the past decade, Indian mutual fund industry had seen a striking improvement, both qualities wise as well as quantity wise. Before, the monopoly of the market had seen an ending phase the Assets under Management (AUM) were Rs. 67bn. The private sector entry to the fund family raised the AUM to Rs. 470 bn in March 1993 and till April 2004 it reached the height of 1,540 bn.Putting the AUM of the Indian Mutual Funds Industry into comparison, the total of it is less than the deposits of SBI alone, constitute less than 11% of the total deposits held by the Indian banking industry.The main reason of its poor growth is that the mutual fund industry in India is new in the country. Large sections of Indian investors are yet to be intellectuated with the concept. Hence, it is the prime responsibility of all mutual fund companies, to market the product correctly abreast of selling.The mutual fund industry can be broadly put into four phases according to the development of the sector. Each phase is briefly described as under.First Phase -1964-87Unit Trust of India (UTI) was established on 1963 by an Act of Parliament. It was set up by the timidity Bank of India and functioned under the Regulatory and administrative control of the Reserve Bank of India. In 1978 UTI was de-linked from the RB I and the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) took over the regulatory and administrative control in place of RBI. The first scheme unveilinged by UTI was Unit Scheme 1964.Second phase1987_1993 (Entry of Public Sector Funds)Entry of non-UTI mutual funds. SBI Mutual Fund was the first followed by Canara bank Mutual Fund (Dec 87), Punjab content Bank Mutual Fund (Aug 89), Indian Bank Mutual Fund (Nov 89), Bank of India (Jun 90), Bank of Baroda Mutual Fund (Oct 92). LIC in 1989 and GIC in 1990. The end of 1993 pronounced Rs.47, 004 as assets under management.Third Phase- 1993-2003 (Entry of Private Sector Funds)With the entry of private sector funds in 1993, a new era started in the Indian mutual fund industry, giving the Indian investors a wider choice of fund families. Also, 1993 was the year in which the first Mutual Fund Regulations came into being, under which all mutual funds, except UTI were to be registered and governed. The erstwhile Kothari Pioneer (now merged with Franklin Templeton) was the first private sector mutual fund registered in July 1993. The 1993 SEBI (Mutual Fund) Regulations were substituted by a more citywide and revised Mutual Fund Regulations in 1996. The industry now functions under the SEBI (Mutual Fund) Regulations 1996.The number of mutual fund houses went on increasing, with many foreign mutual funds setting up funds in India and also the industry has witnessed several mergers and acquisitions. As at the end of January 2003, there were 33 mutual funds with total assets of Rs. 1, 21,805 crores. The Unit Trust of India with Rs.44,541 crores of assets under management was way ahead of other mutual funds.Fourth Phase- since February 2003This phase had bitter experience for UTI. It was bifurcated into two decompose entities. One is the Specified Undertaking of the Unit Trust of India with AUM of Rs.29, 835 crores (as on January 2003). The Specified Undertaking of Unit Trust of India, functioning under an administrator and un der the rules frame in by Government of India and does not come under the purview of the Mutual Fund Regulations.The second is the UTI Mutual Fund Ltd, sponsored by SBI, PNB, BOB and LIC. It is registered with SEBI and functions under the Mutual Fund Regulations. With the bifurcation of the erstwhile UTI which had in March 2000 more than Rs.76, 000 crores of AUM and with the setting up of a UTI Mutual Fund, conforming to the SEBI Mutual Fund Regulations, and with recent mergers taking place among different private sector funds, the mutual fund industry has entered its current phase of consolidation and growth. As at the end of September, 2004, there were 29 funds, which manage assets of Rs.153108 crores under 421 schemes.Performance of Mutual Funds in Indialet us start the discussion of the performance of mutual funds in India from the day the concept of mutual fund took birth in India. The year was 1963. Unit Trust of India invited investors or rather to those who believed in savi ngs, to park their money in UTI Mutual Fund. For 30 years it goaled without a single second player. Though the 1988 year saw some new mutual fund companies, but UTI remained in a monopoly position.The performance of mutual funds in India in the initial phase was not even closer to satisfactory level. People rarely understood, and of course investing was out of question. But yes, some 24 million shareholders were accustomed with guaranteed high returns by the beginning of liberalization of the industry in 1992. This good record of UTI became marketing prick for new entrants. The expectations of investors touched the sky in profitability factor. However, people were miles away from the preparedness of risks factor after the liberalization. The Assets under Management of UTI was Rs. 67bn. by the end of 1987. Let me concentrate about the performance of mutual funds in India through figures. From Rs. 67bn. the Assets Under Management rose to Rs. 470 bn. in March 1993 and the figure had a collar times higher performance by April 2004. It rose as high as Rs. 1,540bn. The net asset value (NAV) of mutual funds in India declined when stock prices started falling in the year 1992. Those days, the market regulations did not allow portfolio shifts into alternative investments. There were rather no choices apart from holding the cash or to provided continue investing in shares. One more thing to be noted, since only closed-end funds were floated in the market, the investors disinvested by selling at a loss in the secondary market. The performance of mutual funds in India suffered qualitatively. The 1992 stock market scandal, the losses by disinvestments and of course the lack of simple rules in the whereabouts rocked confidence among the investors. Partly owing to a relatively weak stock market performance, mutual funds have not yet recovered, with funds trading at an average discount of 1020 percent of their net asset value.The supervisory authority adopted a set of me asures to create a transparent and competitive environment in mutual funds. Some of them were like relaxing investment restrictions into the market, introduction of open-ended funds, and paving the gateway for mutual funds to launch pension schemes.The measure was taken to make mutual funds the key instrument for long-term saving. The more the variety offered, the quantitative will be investors.At last to mention, as long as mutual fund companies are performing with lower risks and higher profitability within a short gallus of time, more and more people will be inclined to invest until and unless they are fully educated with the dos and donts of mutual funds.Drawbacks of Mutual FundsMutual funds have their drawbacks and may not be for everyoneNo GuaranteesNo investment is risk free. If the entire stock market declines in value, the value of mutual fund shares will go down as well, no matter how balanced the portfolio. Investors encounter fewer risks when they invest in mutual funds than when they buy and sell stocks on their own. However, anyone who invests through a mutual fund runs the risk of losing money.Fees and commissionsAll funds charge administrative fees to cover their day-to-day expenses. Some funds also charge sales commissions or loads to compensate brokers, financial consultants, or financial planners. Even if you dont use a broker or other financial adviser, you will pay a sales commission if you buy shares in a Load Fund.TaxesDuring a typical year, most actively managed mutual funds sell anywhere from 20 to 70 percent of the securities in their portfolios. If your fund makes a profit on its sales, you will pay taxes on the income you receive, even if you reinvest the money you made.Management riskWhen you invest in a mutual fund, you depend on the funds manager to make the right decisions regarding the fun